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4.ICC色彩管理技术原理
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&&色​彩​管​理​技​术​的​渊​源​应​该​追​溯​到​计​算​机​出​现​之​前​,​当​时​是​利​用​印​刷​色​谱​进​行​色​彩​管​理​,​力​争​做​到​所​见​即​所​得​地​实​现​颜​色​复​制
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你可能喜欢Creative Suite * Color settings
Color settings
By clicking Submit, you accept the
Customize color settingsFor most color-managed workflows,
it is best to use a preset color setting that has been tested by
Adobe Systems. Changing specific options is recommended only if
you are knowledgeable about color management and very confident
about the changes you make.
After you customize options, you
can save them as a preset. Saving color settings ensures that you
can reuse them and share them with other users or applications.
To save color settings as a preset,
click Save in the Color Settings dialog box. To ensure that the
application displays the setting name in the Color Settings dialog
box, save the file in the default location. If you save the file
to a different location, you must load the file before you can select
the setting.
To load a color settings preset that’s not saved in the
standard location, click Load in the Color Settings dialog box,
select the file you want to load, and click Open.
In Acrobat, you cannot save customized color settings.
To share customized color settings with Acrobat, you must create
the file in InDesign, Illustrator, or Photoshop, and then save it
in the default Settings folder. It will then be available in the
Color Management category of the Preferences dialog box. You can
also add settings manually to the default Settings folder.
About color working spacesA working space is an
intermediate color space used to define and edit color in Adobe
applications. Each color model has a working space profile associated with
it. You can choose working space profiles in the Color Settings
dialog box.
A working space profile acts as the source profile for newly
created documents that use the associated color model. For example,
if Adobe RGB (1998) is the current RGB working space profile, each
new RGB document that you create will use colors within the Adobe
RGB (1998) gamut. Working spaces also determine the appearance of
colors in untagged documents.
If you open a document embedded with a color profile that doesn’t
match the working space profile, the application uses a color
management policy to determine how to handle the color data.
In most cases, the default policy is to preserve the embedded profile.
Working space optionsTo
display working space options in Photoshop, Illustrator and InDesign,
choose Edit & Color Settings. In Acrobat, select the
Color Management category of the Preferences dialog box.
To view a description of any profile, select the
profile and then position the pointer over the profile name. The
description appears at the bottom of the dialog box.RGB
Determines the RGB color space of the application. In general,
it’s best to choose Adobe RGB or sRGB, rather than the profile for
a specific device (such as a monitor profile).sRGB is recommended when you prepare
images for the web, because it defines the color space of the standard
monitor used to view images on the web. sRGB is also a good choice
when you work with images from consumer-level digital cameras, because
most of these cameras use sRGB as their default color space.
Adobe RGB is recommended when you
prepare documents for print, because Adobe RGB’s gamut includes
some printable colors (cyans and blues in particular) that can’t
be defined using sRGB. Adobe RGB is also a good choice when working
with images from professional-level digital cameras, because most
of these cameras use Adobe RGB as their default color space.
Determines the CMYK color space of the application. All CMYK
working spaces are device-dependent, meaning that they are based
on actual ink and paper combinations. The CMYK working spaces Adobe
supplies are based on standard commercial print conditions.Gray (Photoshop) or Grayscale (Acrobat)
Determines the grayscale color space of the application. Spot (Photoshop)
Specifies the dot gain to use when displaying spot color channels
and duotones.Note:
In Acrobat, you can use the color space
in an embedded output intent instead of a document color space for
viewing and printing. For more information on output intents, see
Acrobat Help.
Adobe applications ship with a standard
set of working space profiles that have been recommended and tested
by Adobe Systems for most color management workflows. By default,
only these profiles appear in the working space menus. To display
additional color profiles that you have installed on your system,
select Advanced Mode (Illustrator and InDesign) or More Options
(Photoshop). A color profile must be bi-directional (that is, contain
specifications for translating both into and out of color spaces)
in order to appear in the working space menus.
Photoshop, you can create custom working space profiles. However,
Adobe recommends that you use a standard working space profile rather
than create a custom profile. For more information, see the Photoshop
support knowledgebase at /support/products/photoshop.html.
About missing and mismatched color profilesFor a newly created
document, the color workflow usually operates seamlessly: Unless
specified otherwise, the document uses the working space profile associated
with its color mode for creating and editing colors.
However, some existing documents may not use the working space
profile that you have specified, and some existing documents may
not be color-managed. It is common to encounter the following exceptions
to your color-managed workflow:
You might open a document or import color data (for example,
by copying and pasting or dragging and dropping) from a document
that is not tagged with a profile. This is often the case when you
open a document created in an application that either does not support
color management or has color management turned off.
You might open a document or import color data from a document
that is tagged with a profile different from the current working
space. This may be the case when you open a document that was created
using different color management settings, or scanned and tagged
with a scanner profile.
In either case, the application uses a color management policy
to decide how to handle the color data in the document.
If the profile is missing or does not match the working space,
the application may display a warning message, depending on options
you set in the Color Settings dialog box. Profile warnings are turned
off by default, but you can turn them on to ensure the appropriate
color management of documents on a case-by-case basis. The warning
messages vary between applications, but in general you have the
following options:(Recommended) Leave the document or
imported color data as it is. For example, you can choose to use
the embedded profile (if one exists), leave the document without
a color profile (if one doesn’t exist), or preserve the numbers
in pasted color data.
Adjust the document or imported color data. For example,
when opening a document with a missing color profile, you can choose
to assign the current working space profile or a different profile.
When opening a document with a mismatched color profile, you can
choose to discard the profile or convert the colors to the current
working space. When importing color data, you can choose to convert
the colors to the current working space in order to preserve their
appearance.
Color management policy optionsA color management policy determines
how the application handles color data when you open a document
or import an image. You can choose different policies for RGB and
CMYK images, and you can specify when you want warning messages
to appear. To display color management policy options, choose Edit & Color
To view a description of a policy,
select the policy and then position the pointer over the policy
name. The description appears at the bottom of the dialog box.RGB, CMYK, And Gray
(Gray option is available for Photoshop only.) Specifies
a policy to follow when bringing colors into the current working
space (either by opening files or importing images into the current
document). Choose from the following options:Preserve Embedded Profiles
Always preserves embedded color profiles when opening files.
This is the recommended option for most workflows because it provides
consistent color management. One exception is if you’re concerned about
preserving CMYK numbers, in which case you should select Preserve Numbers
(Ignore Linked Profiles) instead.Convert To Working Space
Converts colors to the current working space profile when
opening files and importing images. Select this option if you want
to force all colors to use a single profile (the current working
space profile).Preserve Numbers (Ignore Linked Profiles)
This option is available in InDesign and Illustrator for
CMYK. Preserves color numbers when opening files and importing images,
but still allows you to use color management to view colors accurately
in Adobe applications. Select this option if you want to use a safe CMYK
workflow. In InDesign, you can override this policy on a per-object
basis by choosing Object & Image Color Settings. Off
Ignores embedded color profiles when opening files and importing images,
and does not assign the working space profile to new documents.
Select this option if you want to discard any color metadata provided
by the original document creator.
Profile Mismatches: Ask When Opening
Displays a message whenever you open a document tagged with
a profile other than the current working space. You will be given
the option to override the policy’s default behavior. Select this option
if you want to ensure the appropriate color management of documents on
a case-by-case basis.Profile Mismatches: Ask When Pasting
Displays a message whenever color profile mismatches occur
as colors are imported into a document through pasting or dragging-and-dropping.
You will be given the option to override the policy’s default behavior.
Select this option if you want to ensure the appropriate color management
of pasted colors on a case-by-case basis.Missing Profiles: Ask When Opening
Displays a message whenever you open an untagged document.
You will be given the option to override the policy’s default behavior.
Select this option if you want to ensure the appropriate color management
of documents on a case-by-case basis.
Color conversion optionsColor
conversion options let you control how the application handles the
colors in a document as it moves from one color space to another.
Changing these options is recommended only if you are knowledgeable
about color management and very confident about the changes you
make. To display conversion options, choose Edit & Color
Settings, and select Advanced Mode (Illustrator and InDesign) or
More Options (Photoshop). In Acrobat, select the Color Management
category of the Preferences dialog box.
Specifies the Color Management Module (CMM) used to map the
gamut of one color space to the gamut of another. For most users,
the default Adobe (ACE) engine fulfills all conversion needs. To view a description of an engine or intent option,
select the option and then position the pointer over the option
name. The description appears at the bottom of the dialog box.Intent (Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign)
the rendering intent used to translate one color space to another.
Differences between rendering intents are apparent only when you
print a document or convert it to a different working space.Use Black Point Compensation
that the shadow detail in the image is preserved by simulating the
full dynamic range of the output device. Select this option if you
plan to use black point compensation when printing (which is recommended
in most situations).Use Dither (Photoshop)
Controls whether to dither colors when converting 8-bit-per-channel
images between color spaces. When the Use Dither option is selected,
Photoshop mixes colors in the destination color space to simulate
a missing color that existed in the source space. Although dithering
helps to reduce the blocky or banded appearance of an image, it
may also result in larger file sizes when images are compressed
for web use.Compensate For Scene-Rendered Profiles (Photoshop)
Compares video contrast when converting from scene to output
profiles. This option reflects default color management in After
About rendering intentsA rendering intent determines how
a color management system handles color conversion from one color
space to another. Different rendering intents use different rules
to determine how the source for example, colors
that fall inside the destination gamut may remain unchanged, or
they may be adjusted to preserve the original range of visual relationships
when translated to a smaller destination gamut. The result of choosing
a rendering intent depends on the graphical content of documents
and on the profiles used to specify color spaces. Some profiles
produce identical results for different rendering intents.
In general, it is best to use the default rendering
intent for the selected color setting, which has been tested by
Adobe Systems to meet industry standards. For example, if you choose
a color setting for North America or Europe, the default rendering
intent is Relative Colorimetric. If you choose a color setting for
Japan, the default rendering intent is Perceptual.You can select a rendering intent when you set color conversion
options for the color management system, soft-proof colors, and
print artwork:
Perceptual
Aims to preserve the visual relationship between colors so
it’s perceived as natural to the human eye, even though the color
values themselves may change. This intent is suitable for photographic
images with lots of out-of-gamut colors. This is the standard rendering
intent for the Japanese printing industry.Saturation
Tries to produce vivid colors in an image at the expense
of color accuracy. This rendering intent is suitable for business
graphics like graphs or charts, where bright saturated colors are
more important than the exact relationship between colors.Relative Colorimetric
Compares the extreme highlight of the source color space
to that of the destination color space and shifts all colors accordingly.
Out-of-gamut colors are shifted to the closest reproducible color
in the destination color space. Relative Colorimetric preserves
more of the original colors in an image than Perceptual. This is
the standard rendering intent for printing in North America and
Europe.Absolute Colorimetric
Leaves colors that fall inside the destination gamut unchanged.
Out-of-gamut colors are clipped. No scaling of colors to destination white
point is performed. This intent aims to maintain color accuracy
at the expense of preserving relationships between colors and is
suitable for proofing to simulate the output of a particular device.
This intent is particularly useful for previewing how paper color
affects printed colors.
Advanced controls in PhotoshopIn Photoshop you display advanced controls
for managing color by choosing Edit & Color Settings
and selecting More Options.
Desaturate Monitor
Determines whether to desaturate colors by the specified
amount when displayed on the monitor. When selected, this option
can aid in visualizing the full range of color spaces with gamuts
larger than that of the monitor. However, this causes a mismatch
between the monitor display and the output. When the option is deselected,
distinct colors in the image may display as a single color. Blend RGB Colors Using Gamma
Controls how RGB colors blend together to produce composite
data (for example, when you blend or paint layers using Normal mode).
When the option is selected, RGB colors are blended in the color space
corresponding to the specified gamma. A gamma of 1.00 is considered “colorimetrically
correct” and should result in the fewest edge artifacts. When the option
is deselected, RGB colors are blended directly in the document’s
color space. Note:
When you select Blend RGB Colors Using
Gamma, layered documents will look different when displayed in other
applications than they do in Photoshop.
document.getElementById('communityeverywhere').style.display = 'block';
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  |  各个 CMYK color profile 之间有哪些区别？
For example:
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楼上说的都不错，补充几点：1. 你截图里的CMYK Profile其实都是建立在不同标准下，不同纸张和不同印刷方式下制定出来的颜色特性文件。也就是说某一个profile只能使用在某一种特定的印刷配置情况下，例如US Web Coated v2就是美国滚筒涂布纸印刷。2. 这些profile除了作为output profile之外，也可以用作input profile来解释印刷文件里的CMYK各数值的含义，然后在终端用自己印刷环境的输出色彩特性来达到想要的印刷颜色。
简而言之，不同的 ICC profile，定义了色彩从「输入（源空间）」到「输出（目标空间）」的不同映射算法。针对问题说明里罗列出来的这些 profile，可以用一个简单的方式来直观感受他们之间的差异：制作一份 PDF，画面中最好包含丰富的色彩；用 Adobe Acrobat 打开，并调用「输出预览」功能；在「模拟配置文件」的选单中，依次选择不同的配置文件（profile）；用鼠标指向画面中某一个特定的点，观察「分色」结果（CMYK 四分色）——通常可以直观地看到画面中同一个点，在不同的 profile 下，有可能被分解成不同的 CMYK 油墨配比。
各种CMYK的ICC之间的区别，应是取决于纸张、印刷方式、加网方式等印刷工艺的不同。像国际上常用的标准ICC来源于欧洲、北美和日本的各大印刷标准机构，如FORGA(德国印艺技术研究协会）、CGATS（美国图像技术及标准委员会）、ECI（欧洲色彩委员会）、BVDM（德国印刷媒体工业联盟）等等。他们制定了各种常见的印刷工艺标准（不同数据组），然后由ISO（应该是）根据这些工艺标准来制作标准ICC，当然因为印刷工艺的多样性，这些ICC一般都是胶印的标准，然后因为对承印物定义和不同工艺侧重点的问题，对于四色胶印来说也分为多个流派，其中欧洲和北美就是因为这一点而自己都做了ICC出来并作为各自的标准ICC，所以我们今天常用的PS/AI/ID/PDF等软件中都会有这些ICC给用户选择使用。题主贴的图片中Coated FORGA27（ISO 4)和Coated FORGA39（ISO 4)是FORG的不同数据组生成的ICC，其中FORGA27是根据4中的1or2类纸（115 g/m2的商业单张纸,网线60的菲林晒制的阳图版印刷）而FORGA39这是同样标准下的CTP（计算机直接制版技术）印刷而成，并且规定了需要符合ISO的阶调曲线A（CMY）和B（K），这其实与ISO定义的ISO_coated_v2.icc是一样的标准；Japan color 2001 coated 和Japan color 2001 uncoated还有Japan color 2001 newspaper
则是对应的涂布纸、非涂布纸还有新闻纸的四色印刷工艺，具体参照ISO12647-2定义的五类纸张定义，由于其中油墨定义更接近中国使用的油墨性质（好吧其实就是ISO的标准油墨贵或者是其他工艺）所以很多设计师喜欢采用Japan color 2001 coated 作为转换颜色的标准ICC；U.S.Sheetfed coated和U.S.Sheetfed uncoated 对应的是美国的单张涂布纸和非涂布纸，U.S.web coated（SWOP)则是卷筒涂布纸的标准（找了一圈没找到这个的资料）最后附上各ICC对比色域图：其实各ICC色域相差并不是很大，这里ICC的选择主要是要考虑到下一环节印刷的难度。其实各ICC色域相差并不是很大，这里ICC的选择主要是要考虑到下一环节印刷的难度。
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