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For other uses, see .
Video game joystick elements: 1. stick, 2. base, 3. trigger, 4. extra buttons, 5. autofire switch, 6. throttle, 7. hat switch (POV hat), 8. suction cup.
A joystick is an
consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. A joystick, also known as the control column, is the principal control device in the
of many civilian and military aircraft, either as a
or . It often has supplementary switches to control various aspects of the aircraft's flight.
Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on modern
is the . Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles, wheelchairs, surveillance cameras, and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Miniature finger-operated joysticks have been adopted as input devices for smaller electronic equipment such as .
Cockpit of a glider with its joystick visible
A prototype
joystick-type hand controller, 1962
Computer port view of the Atari standard connector: 1. up, 2. down, 3. left, 4. right, 5. ( y), 6. fire button, 7. +5 V DC, 8. , 9. (pot x).
Joysticks originated as controls for aircraft
and , and is first known to have been used as such on 's
aircraft of 1908, in combination with a foot-operated rudder bar for the yaw control surface on the tail.
The name "joystick" is thought to originate with early 20th century French pilot . There are also competing claims on behalf of fellow pilots , , and . Loraine is cited by the Oxford English Dictionary for using the term "joystick" in his diary in 1909 when he went to
to learn to fly at
school. George was a pioneer aviator who with his colleague Jobling built and flew a biplane at Newcastle in England in 1910. He is alleged to have invented the "George Stick" which became more popularly known as the joystick. The George and Jobling aircraft control column is in the collection of the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Joysticks were present in early planes, though their mechanical origins are uncertain. The coining of the term "joystick" may actually be credited to Loraine, as his is the earliest known usage of the term, although he most certainly did not invent the device.
The electrical two-axis joystick was invented by C. B. Mirick at the
(NRL) and patented in 1926 (U.S. Patent no. 1,597,416)". NRL was actively developing remote controlled aircraft at the time and the joystick was possibly used to support this effort. In the awarded patent, Mirick writes: "My control system is particularly applicable in maneuvering aircraft without a pilot."
The Germans developed an electrical two-axis joystick around 1944 . The device was used as part of the Germans' Funkger?t FuG 203 Kehl radio control transmitter system used in certain German bomber aircraft, used to guide both the rocket-boosted anti-ship missile , and the unpowered pioneering precision-guided munition , against maritime and other targets. Here, the joystick of the Kehl transmitter was used by an operator to steer the missile towards its target. This joystick had on-off switches rather than analogue sensors. Both the Hs 293 and Fritz-X used FuG 230 Strassburg radio receivers in them to send the Kehl's control signals to the ordnance's control surfaces. A comparable joystick unit was used for the contemporary American
steerable munition, strictly to laterally steer the munition in the yaw axis only.
This German invention was picked up by someone in the team of scientists assembled at the Heeresversuchsanstalt in . Here a part of the team on the German
program was developing the , a variant of the , the first ground-to-air . The Wasserfall steering equipment converted the electrical signal to radio signals and transmitted these to the missile.
In the 1960s the use of joysticks became widespread in radio-controlled model aircraft systems such as the Kwik Fly produced by Phill Kraft (1964). The now-defunct Kraft Systems firm eventually became an important OEM supplier of joysticks to the computer industry and other users. The first use of joysticks outside the radio-controlled aircraft industry may have been in the control of powered wheelchairs, such as the
(1963). During this time period NASA used joysticks as control devices as part of the Apollo missions. For example, the lunar lander test models were controlled with a joystick.
In many modern airliners aircraft, for example all Airbus aircraft developed from the 1980s, the joystick has received a new lease on life for flight control in the form of a "" — a controller similar to a gaming joystick, but which is used to control the flight, replacing the traditional . The si improves movement and visib and may be safer in an accident than the traditional "control yoke".
CH Products Mach 2 analog joystick as used with many early home computer systems. The small knobs are for (mechanical) calibration, and the sliders engage the self-centering springs.
, inventor of television
console, released in 1972, created the first video game joysticks in 1967. They were able to control the horizontal and vertical position of a spot displayed on a screen. The earliest known
joystick with a fire
was released by
as part of their 1969
that used it as part of an early
scheme, where two
are used to move a motorized tank and a two-way joystick is used to shoot and steer the missile onto oncoming planes dis when a plane is hit, an explosion is animated on screen along with an explosion sound. In 1970, the game was released in North America as S.A.M.I. by .
released a four-way joystick as part of their arcade
in 1973, while their 1975
introduced
controls with one eight-way joystick for movement and the other for changing the shooting direction. In North America, it was released by Midway under the title . In 1976, Taito released , an early
that involved piloting a , using an eight-way joystick to aim with a crosshair and shoot at enemy aircraft.
The Atari standard joystick, developed for the , released in 1977, was a digital joystick, with a single fire button, and connected via a , the electrical specifications of which were for many years the de facto standard digital joystick specification. Joysticks were commonly used as controllers in
, but they gave way to the familiar
during the mid-1980s, though joysticks—especially arcade-style one—were and are popular after-market add-ons for any console.
In 1985, Sega's
introduced a true analog flight stick, used for movement. Its analog joystick could register movement in any direction as well as measure the degree of push, which could move the
at different speeds depending on how far the joystick is pushed in a certain direction.
A distinct variation of an analog joystick is a , which works differently from a . Instead of using light sensors, a positional gun is essentially an analog joystick mounted in a fixed location that records the position of the gun to determine where the player is aiming on the screen. It is often used for
, with early examples including 's
in 1972; 's
in 1977; and 's
's Cyborg 3D Gold around the 2000s. Note its throttle, its extra buttons, and its hat switch.
During the 1990s, joysticks such as the , , ,
WingMan, and
were in demand with PC gamers. They were considered a prerequisite for flight simulators such as
and . Joysticks became especially popular with the mainstream success of
and , as well as the "Six degrees of freedom" 3D shooter . However since the beginning of the 21st century, these types of games have waned in popularity and are now considered a "dead" genre, and with that, gaming joysticks have been reduced to niche products.
Since the late 1990s,
(or thumbsticks, due to their being controlled by one's thumbs) have become standard on controllers for video game consoles and have the ability to indicate the stick's displacement from its neutral position. This means that the software does not have to keep track of the position or estimate the speed at which the controls are moved. These devices usually use potentiometers to determine the position of the stick, though some newer models instead use a
for greater reliability and reduced size.
Main article:
An arcade stick is a large-format controller for use with home consoles or computers. They use the stick-and-button configuration of some , such as those with particular multi-button arrangements. For example, the six button layout of the arcade games
cannot be comfortably emulated on a console joypad, so licensed home arcade sticks for these games have been manufactured for home consoles and PCs.
One-button, 8-directional "-style" gaming joystick, popular from the mid-1970s to early 1980s. (This is a later gray-colored version).
Most joysticks are two-dimensional, having two axes of movement (similar to a ), though one and three-dimensional joysticks do exist. A joystick is generally configured so that moving the stick left or right signals movement along the X axis, and moving it forward (up) or back (down) signals movement along the Y axis. In joysticks that are configured for three-dimensional movement, twisting the stick left (counter-clockwise) or right (clockwise) signals movement along the Z axis. These three axes — X, Y, and Z — are respectively an aircraft's roll, pitch, and yaw.
An analog joystick is a joystick which has a continuous range of positional states, which can be measured as X,Y axis values (usually as the calibrated
of a pair of ). These positions can be sampled at frequent intervals in order to track motion. Often the design includes a mechanism for returning the stick
in some cases this can be disabled when not desired. A digital joystick gives only the on-off states of a group of switches, each corresponding to a direction of applied force. The simplest form uses one switch for each of the , and will usually allow for the activation of adjacent pairs, providing the popular "8-directional" capability. Digital joysticks were very common as
for the , , and
of the 1980s, and survive as "directional pads" on more recent devices.
Additionally, joysticks often have one or more fire buttons, used to trigger some kind of action. These are simply switches.
Some joysticks have
capability, making them active devices, not just input devices. The computer can return a signal to the joystick that causes it to resist the movement with a returning force or make the joystick vibrate.
Many I/O interface cards for
had a . The most recent versions of
however do not support game port, thus most modern joysticks use a
interface for connection to the PC.
Hat switch - at top, in green
A hat switch is a control on some joysticks. It is also known as a POV (point of view) switch. It allows one to look around in one's virtual world, browse menus, etc. For example, many flight simulators use it to switch the player's views, while other games sometimes use it as a while computer gamepads modelled after PlayStation DualShock controllers assign POV switch scancodes to the D-pad
The term hat switch is a sanitization of the term " Hat", named for the , which may be considered offensive.
In a real aircraft, the hat switch may control things like
In recent times, the employment of joysticks has become commonplace in many industrial and manufacturing applications, cranes, assembly lines, forestry equipment, mining trucks, and excavators. In fact, the use of such joysticks is in such high demand, that it has virtually replaced the traditional mechanical control lever in nearly all modern hydraulic control systems. Additionally, most
(UAVs) and submersible
(ROVs) require at least one joystick to control either the vehicle, the on-board cameras, sensors, and manipulators.
Due to the highly hands-on, rough nature of such applications, the industrial joystick tends to be more robust than the typical video-game controller, and able to function over a high cycle life. This led to the development and employment of
sensing to such applications in the 1980s as a means of contactless sensing. Several companies produce joysticks for industrial applications using Hall effect technology. Another technology used in joystick design is the use of strain gauges to build force transducers from which the output is proportional to the force applied rather than physical deflection. Miniature force transducers are used as additional controls on joysticks for menu selection functions.
Some larger manufacturers of joysticks are able to customize joystick handles and grips specific to the OEM needs while small regional manufacturers often concentrate on selling standard products at higher prices to smaller OEMs.
Specialist joysticks, classed as an
, are used to replace the
for people with fairly severe physical disabilities. Rather than controlling games these joysticks plug into the USB port and control the . They are often useful to people with
conditions, such as , who find them easier to grasp than a standard mouse. Miniature joysticks are also available for people with conditions involving muscular weakness such as
or . They are also used on
for control since they are simple and effective to use as a control method.
Zeller Jr., Tom (). . New York Times.
Quinion, Michael (). . .
(PDF). . 2011.
Mirick, C. B. (1926). . .
USAAF Wright Field Air Technical Service Command, T-2 Intelligence Department (1946).
(YouTube). The Digital Implosion. Event occurs at 13:45 to 15:00. Archived from
(YOUTUBE) on April 27, .
United States Office of Strategic Services (1943).
(YouTube). The Digital Implosion.
Edwards, Benj (). . .
Stephen Totilo, ,
Morgan McGuire & Odest Chadwicke Jenkins (2009), , , p. 408,  , Light guns, such as the NES Zapper or those used in the House of the Dead series, are distinctly different from positional guns used by arcade games such as SEGA's Gunblade NY. ... Light guns differ from positional guns, such as in Gunblade NY (bottom), that are essentially analog joysticks. ... Positional guns are essentially analog sticks mounted in a fixed location with respect to the screen. Light guns, in contrast, have no fixed a priori relationship with a display.
Yo-Sung Ho & Hyoung Joong Kim (November 13–16, 2005), , , p. 688,  , The two routes to conventional gun control are light guns and positional guns. Light guns are the most common for video game systems of any type. They work optically with screen and do not keep track of location on the screen until the gun is fired. When the gun is fired, the screen blanks for a moment, and the optics in the gun register where on the screen the gun is aimed. That information is sent to the computer, which registers the shot. ... Positional guns are mounted stationary on the arcade cabinet with the ability to aim left/right and up/down. They function much like joysticks, which maintain a known location on screen at all times and register the current location when fired.
Peckham, Matt (September 26, 2006). . .[]
. MyGamer. November 9, 2004.
Weise, Matt (May 28, 2003). . GameCritics.
LaMosca, Adam (July 18, 2006). . .
Wen, Howard (February 12, 2008). . .
Gerry Block (December 18, 2007). . IGN.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
This article is based on material taken from the
prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the , version 1.3 or later.
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3秒自动关闭窗口游戏柄，通用游戏接口设备出现叹号，SHOCKS JOYSTICK牌子的，_百度知道
游戏柄，通用游戏接口设备出现叹号，SHOCKS JOYSTICK牌子的，
还是叹号，里面的内容都安装过了。在控制面板中的添加硬件也试过了。设备管理器中的通用游戏接口设备还是叹号很头痛。救人啦。更新驱动也更不了。我插入u口。上帝会保佑你的，放入光碟
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&&&&&Asked by:Why is my game controller buttons (3D, arrow
keys) do not respond?
&&&&&Answer：
1. Check whether the handle in the control
panel are functional. If you do not function,
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&please buy the consumer to the
dealer for replacement or repair to maintenance points.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&(Prohibition of opening
their own repair)
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&2. Check whether the game supports joystick.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&3. Check the
game software in the key is correct.